Life and Works of Estrella Alfon - 7175 Words

MANDAUE EBENEZER ALLIANCE ACADEMY INC. M.L. QUEZON STREET , MAGUIKAY , MANDAUE CITY TERM PAPER IN ENGLISH SUBMITTED BY : ROLLY A. COLINA SUBMITTED TO : MR. LESLIE T. ONES i. ABSTRACT ii. INTRODUCTION Estrella D. Alfon (July 18, 1917 – December 28, 1983) was a well-known prolific Filipina author who wrote in English. Because of continued poor health, she could manage only an A. A. degree from the University of the Philippines. She then became a member of the U. P. writers club and earned and was given the privileged post of National Fellowship in Fiction post at the U. P. Creative Writing Center. She died in the year 1983 at the age of 66. She was born in Cebu City in 1917. Unlike other writers of her time, she did not come†¦show more content†¦She was sorry as soon as she realized what she had done. She turned away, muttering still, while Rosa’s eyes filled with sudden tears. The girl poured the water from the can into the earthen jar, a bitter lump in her throat, and thought of what she would do to people like her mistress when she herself, God willing, would be â€Å"rich.† Soon however, she thought of Sancho, and the jokes the women had shouted a t her. She thought of their laughter and Sancho following her with his coaxing tones, and she smiled slowly. Getting back to her washing, she gathered the clothes she had to bleach, and piled them into a basin she balanced on her head. Passing her mistress in the kitchen, she said something about going to bleach the clothes and under her breath added an epithet. She had to cross the street to get to the stones gathered about in a whitened circle in a neighbor’s yard where she was wont to lay out the clothes. She passed some women hanging clothes on a barbed-wire fence to dry. They called to her and she smiled at them. Some dogs chasing each other on the street, she did not notice because the women were praising her for the whiteness of the linen in the basin on her head. She was answering them that she hadn’t even bleached them yet, when one of the dogs passed swiftly very close to her. Looking down, she saw in wide alarm another dog close on the heels of the first. An instinctive fear of animals made her want to dodge the heedlessly running dog, and she stepped

Domestic Violence Among Women And Women Of All Ages And...

Domestic violence in New Zealand affects men and women of all ages and ethnicities. This essay will focus on domestic violence among Chinese women in New Zealand and we will be examining literature on the risk factors which contribute to domestic violence. There are several reasons we should address the issue of domestic violence in the Chinese community. Foremost domestic violence causes harmful effects on the health of the victim; these often result in long term health problems (Campbell, 2002). Secondly without an understanding of the risk and protective factors of domestic violence in the Chinese community we are unable to develop effective preventative measures and interventions to utilise (Tse, 2007; Ho, 1990). Thirdly we are faced with a rising Chinese population in New Zealand, 9% of the population in the Auckland region are Chinese people as of 2012 (Mehta, 2012). We have a lack of research in domestic violence in the Chinese community, studying this issue would help to und erstand the barriers that the Chinese group would face in regards to accessing services (Ministry of Health, 2006; Tse, 2007). We will also be looking at policies and interventions which address domestic violence, how effective these services have been in addressing domestic violence and any potential barriers which may prevent women from accessing these services. Violence can be defined as an act which causes physical or emotional harm; specifically violence against women has become a globalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Domestic Violence 1016 Words   |  5 Pages Did you know that every 9 seconds a women is being beaten or assaulted? It is known that around the world, at least one and every three women has been beaten into having sex or some rudely thing in her entire lifetime. There are many cases where the abuser is a family member. Domestic violence is that the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sex crime, and different abusive behavior perpetrated by an intimate partner against another. It is a virulent disease touching people in eachRead MoreSexual Assault Prevention Seminar For College Students Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesViolence against women is defined as any act of gender-based violence that results in or is likely to result in—physical, sexual/psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of acts such as coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private. Its dimensions include physical, sexual, psychological/emotional and economic violence occurring in the family. 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One of the biggest myths is that: â€Å"Domestic violence is not common,† while in reality, the number of domestic violence incidents annually ranges from 960,000 to 3 million (Collins et al 169.) According to Maryland Network Against Domestic Violence, it is believed to be the most common

Prepartion of Primary Standard Free Essays

Experiment 2 Preparation of Primary Standard solutions and Standardizing Acid and Base solutions Objectives: The objective of this experiment is: 1- To prepare two primary standard solutions, KHP and Na2CO3 2- To standardize a sodium hydroxide solution using the prepared primary standard KHP. 3- To standardize a hydrochloric acid solution using the prepared primary standard Na2CO3. 4- To calculate the concentration of an unknown acid or base. We will write a custom essay sample on Prepartion of Primary Standard or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction A primary standard is a standard that is accurate enough that it is not calibrated. For a compound to be considered as a primary standard it should have several important characteristics, the most important of which are high purity, stability, low hygroscopicity, high solubility, and high molar mass. A primary standard solution is a solution of known concentration made from a primary standard. Primary standard solutions are used in determining the concentrations of other solutions to an extremely high accuracy. They are typically used in titrations and other analysis techniques as standardization solutions. A secondary standard solution, such as HCl solution, is a solution which must be standardized first against a primary standard, but afterwards, it will be stable enough for titrimetric work (Titration). Titration involves the gradual addition of a solution of accurately known concentration (standard solution) to another solution of unknown concentration (or vice versa), until the chemical reaction is complete. Titrations are based on reactions which go to completion rapidly. A reaction is complete when stoichiometric amounts of the reacting substances are combined. This is the stoichiometric point (equivalence point) in the titration. The equivalence point is detected visually using an indicator. An indicator is a substance (added at the beginning of the titration to the flask) that changes color at (or very near) the equivalence point. The point where the indicator actually changes color is called the end point of the titration. In this experiment, two primary standards will be used. The first is potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHC8H4O4, abbreviated as KHP, molar mass = 204. 23 g/mol), an acid primary standard which will be used to standardize a sodium hydroxide solution. The structure of KHP is shown below: O COH CO K O The chemical equation of the reaction can be written as: KHP(aq) + NaOH(aq) ? Or, expressed as a net ionic equation, HP-(aq) + OH-(aq) ? P2-(aq) + H2O(l) The second primary standard to be used is sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (molar mass = 105. 99), a base, by which a hydrochloric acid solution will be standardized. The chemical equation of the reaction is: 2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CO2 (g) + 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq) KNaP(aq) + H2O(l) The reaction above generates CO2, which dissolves into the solution to generate an acid. The presence of dissolved CO2 thus interferes with the pH and the detection of the end point of the titration. However, the CO2 can be driven off by boiling the solution, enabling an accurate titration. Procedure I. Standardization of NaOH a. Preparation of the acid primary standard 1. Obtain a bottle containing ~2g of KHP and weigh it with the cap on the analytical balance. Record the mass in Table 2. I. 2. Transfer the solid KHP to a 100. 0 mL volumetric flask using a funnel, re-stopper the bottle and weigh it. Record the mass in Table 2. I. 3. Rinse the funnel to wash any sticking solid using a washing bottle and add more distilled water into the volumetric flask to dissolve the KHP (1/2 its capacity). Swirl the flask; make sure to dissolve the solid completely. Add more water (2/3) and swirl again. Dilute to the mark carefully, stopper or cover with a parafilm paper and invert several times with swirling to homogenize the KHP solution. b. Preparation of an approximately 0. 1 M NaOH solution 1. Obtain about 6 mL of a 50 % (w/v) NaOH solution in a clean and dry graduated cylinder from the stockroom. Transfer the NaOH to a clean 1L polyethylene bottle. Fill the rest of the polyethylene bottle with double distilled water to the mark. Shake thoroughly to homogenize. 2. Rinse your buret, after washing it with distilled water, with few mL of the NaOH solution; allow some solution to flow out through the lower end. Fill the rinsed buret with NaOH, make sure that the tip is filled with no air bubbles. c. Standardization of NaOH 1. Pipet a 10. 00 mL aliquot of the primary standard KHP solution into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 25 mL of distilled water and two drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Record the buret reading (use a white card as background to facilitate reading the buret). Put a white tile or paper below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding NaOH continuously and with constant swirling of the flask. A pink color appears locally and disappears on swirling; continue titration till a faint pink color persists. Take the lower reading of the buret. The first titration is usually a rapid one. 2. Repeat the titration slowly three more times. Record data in Table 2. II. 3. Calculate the average molarity. II. Standardization of HCl a. Preparation of the base primary standard 1. Obtain a bottle containing ~1g of dry Na2CO3 and weigh it with the cap on the analytical balance. Record the mass in Table 2. III. 2. Transfer the solid Na2CO3 to a 100 mL volumetric flask using a funnel, re-stopper the bottle and weigh it. Record the mass in Table 2. III. 3. Rinse the funnel to wash any sticking solid using a washing bottle and add more distilled water into the volumetric flask to dissolve the Na2CO3 (1/2 its capacity). Swirl the flask; make sure to dissolve the solid completely. Add more water (2/3) and swirl again. Dilute to the mark carefully, stopper or cover with a parafilm paper and invert several times with swirling to homogenize the solution. b. Standardization of HCl 1. Get around 200 mL of HCl solution using a beaker and cover with a watch glass. 2. Rinse your buret, after washing it with distilled water, with few mL of the HCl solution; allow some solution to flow out through the lower end. Fill the rinsed buret with HCl, make sure that the tip is filled with no air bubbles. 3. Pipet a 10. 00 mL aliquot of the primary standard Na2CO3 solution into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 25 mL of distilled water and two drops of bromocresol green indicator. Record the buret reading (use a white card as background to facilitate reading the buret). Put a white tile below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding HCl continuously and with constant swirling of the flask until a change of color from blue to faint green. Boil the solution to expel CO2. The color should return to blue. Carefully add HCl from the buret until the solution turns green again and report the volume of acid at this point. Keep the solution as reference for color for the other titrations. 4. Repeat the titration slowly three more times. Record data in Table 2. IV. c. Titration of blank 1. Add to a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask 50 mL of distilled water and two drops of bromocresol green ndicator. Titrate with your HCl solution to faint green. Subtract the volume of HCl needed for the blank from that required to titrate Na2CO3. 2. Calculate the mean HCl molarity. III. Determining the concentration of an unknown a. Qualitative identification of the unknown 1. Obtain an unknown from the stockroom and record its number in the report. Add two drops of the phen olphthalein indicator. 2. Identify if it is an acidic or a basic unknown. Record your observation. b. Titration of the acidity in an unknown acid solution 1. Fill your burette with either HCl or NaOH according to your observation in the previous part. . Pipet a 25 mL aliquot of the unknown solution into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add two drops of the needed indicator (either phenolphthalein or bromocresol green). Record the buret reading (use a white card as background to facilitate reading the buret). Put a white tile or paper below the Erlenmeyer flask and start titrating by adding HCl or NaOH continuously and with constant swirling of the flask until a change of color according to the indicator being used. Record the lower reading of the buret. (Note: if your unknown is a base, remember to boil the solution as in part II. before proceeding with the titration to the end) 3. Repeat the titration slowly three more times. Record data in Table 2. V. Reference: Harris, Quantitative Che mical Analysis, 7th Ed. Student Name______________ Student ID #_______________ Experiment 2 Date_____________ Section___________ Preparation of Primary Standard solutions and Standardizing Acid and Base solutions Purpose: Data and calculation: I. Standardization of NaOH Table 2. I: Preparation of the acid primary standard Mass of vial + cap + KHP Mass of vial (empty)+ cap Mass of KHP Volume of solution M KHP = ___________________ Table 2. II: Standardization of the NaOH Solution Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL) Volume of NaOH (mL) Volume of KHP aliquot =________________________ V NaOH = ____________________________________ ______________________________ M NaOH (average) = II. Standardization of HCl Table 2. III : Preparation of the base primary standard Mass of vial + cap + Na2CO3 Mass of vial (empty)+ cap Mass of Na2CO3 Volume of solution M Na2CO3 = ___________________ Table 2. IV: Standardization of the HCl Solution Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL) Volume of HCl (mL) Volume of HCl for blank (mL) Volume of Na2CO3 aliquot =_________________ V HCl = ___________________________________ M HCl (average)= ____________________________ III. Determining the concentration of an unknown Unknown # = Unknown identity = Volume of unknown (aliquot) = Table 2. V: Determination of the Concentration of an Unknown Trial 1 2 3 Upper buret reading (mL) Lower buret reading (mL) Volume of HCl or NaOH (mL) Volume for blank (mL) V standard (average) = _______________________ M unknown (average) = _____________________________ How to cite Prepartion of Primary Standard, Essay examples

Community Program for HIV Patients-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Community Program for HIV Patients. Answer: This essay highlights the significance of social inclusion and primary healthcare facilities for the patients suffering from the HIV. Due to ignorance about the cause, spread and prevention technique of the disease, the patients suffering from HIV are excluded and are restricted to obtain their basic rights. Due to this ignorance in the society, the people suffering from the HIV hesitate to avail medical facilities thereby, leading to death. The use of primary healthcare facilities can be used for spreading awareness about the disease and ways of protecting and preventing it. The knowledge spread by the primary healthcare services will help in eradicating the negligence faced by the HIV patients. At certain instances, the society blocks and avoids some groups of people intentionally based on particular perspectives. They group of people are denied access to various rights, resources and opportunities easily accessible and available to other people in the society. Excluding some people from the society intentionally and denying them their rights is defined as social exclusion (Baral et al., 2013). For example, people suffering from HIV are socially excluded, as most of the people think the disease spreads by touching. The ignorance about HIV is what leads to the social exclusion of the people suffering from the disease (Tsai et al., 2013). Though diagnosing of HIV because of the retrovirus, the disease is curable if treated on time. As there prevails so much hatred about the individual and their family suffering from HIV, the patients fear to visit the healthcare clinics for treatment. Once the society comes to know about an individual suffering from HIV, the individual, and t heir families are humiliated, denied their rights, resources and opportunities lead to social exclusion of the entire family. At certain instances, the individuals suffering from HIV are also denied accurate and appropriate medical and healthcare facilities thereby, deteriorating their health (Gayner et al., 2012). As it is known that treatment and appropriate medical facilities can treat HIV, awareness emphasizing this aspect is spread in the society. This is spread with the agenda and aim that people suffering from HIV will come up to avail medical facilities without hesitation for getting treatment. In addition, the awareness program aim towards providing knowledge to the society about the disease in order to prevent out casting of the individuals suffering from HIV (Eldredge et al., 2016). Primary health care is defined as the essential components of the healthcare system by using scientifically proven and accepted technologies for treating the society and the people. The cost of the primary healthcare treatment is affordable so that the service is easily accessible and available for the entire community. Primary health care emphasizes on medical treatments beyond the traditional methods of treatment. The main aim of primary health care is to reduce the rate of social exclusion that individuals encounter thereby, hampering them to access healthcare association (WHO, 2012). Therefore, primary healthcare aim towards providing healthcare services regardless of the social disparities within the society. For example, primary healthcare is significant for the HIV patients, as this will allow them to access medical facilities for treatment regardless of the social disparities. Primary health care also emphasizes on organizing and conducting health services at a regular interv al in order to keep the promotional activities active (Kim, Farmer Porter, 2013). Equal distribution of healthcare facilities: Individuals suffering from HIV encounters social exclusion to the extent that the society denies the patients access to their rights and opportunities along with restricting them from accessing healthcare facilities for treatment. Therefore, this element under ALMA ATA declaration will allow the HIV patients to access medical facilities and continue their treatment (Hogerzeil et al., 2013). Participation of the community: Community participation is another significant aspect of ALMA ATA declaration, as this allows complete access to national and local healthcare services for the patients (Zablotska, Holt Prestage, 2012). Developing healthcare workforce: The adequate number of trained physicians, healthcare professionals, and community health workers are required to continue appropriate and accurate primary healthcare. Technological use: In order to treat the patients suffering from HIV, the primary healthcare needs to use latest technological advances for treating the patients. This will provide better diagnoses of diseases followed by better treatment and health improvement (Free et al., 2013). HIV is a growing problem in todays world. True that in these cases, the symptoms appear late and the diagnosis is delayed but still if treated at an earlier stage can be stopped. The most vulnerable victims of HIV are those who practice homosexuality especially males, transgender people, sex workers and drug addicts (Silva-Santisteban et.al. 2012). They are the soft targets because HIV viruses 1 and 2 usually are transmitted through the pre ejaculation fluid, semen, vaginal fluid and contaminated syringes. Contamination of syringes may occur in hospitals. Poor drug addicts often find it as a cheap source to replace the costly needles with these cheap sources of a needle and thus have a high source of contamination hazard. Unprotected sexual intercourse is another factor that triggers of the hazards of being infected by HIV. The situation is worse in the developing and the under developed countries of especially the Equatorial belts. People here are unaware and many die due to the lac k of medication. Kenya is the only country in the Sub Saharan Africa with the records of a number of people affected with HIV being kept at Mombasa, the capital (World Health Organisation 2012). The primary reason for the spread of HIV is unprotected sexual intercourse or sodomy. The most vulnerable ones are those who practice homosexuality or man-to-man sex. Homosexuality is a taboo even in todays educated society. The religious institutions of the world consider same sex intercourse as a sin. Most of the people in todays world are literate but they are not educated. In some countries, the correct figures of those suffering from HIV are not clearly specified. Men who have sex with men are at major risk of contracting the diseases such as HIV because the viruses are mainly found in the pre ejaculation fluid and in the semen. In spite of the fact that this disease is curable, many people fail to open up and succumb to their beliefs. The most important fact is they suffer due to the greater societys homophobia and heterosexism for which they cannot open up and get themselves treated for the disease that they are suffering from. HIV is the most hyped taboo of the society. Often these patients are left untreated and the majority of them die due to negligence. Even the families of the patients tend to disown them once they are tested positive for HIV. Majority of the people suffering from HIV loose the urge to live and ultimately perish away. Transgender group of people is 49 times more vulnerable to HIV infection than compared to normal people. Out of the total people infected with HIV 19% of the people, belong to the transgender female category. Social exclusion, gender-based abuse, high levels of discrimination and stigma these are the reasons for which the transgender people are at a higher risk of HIV infection. The transgender people are removed from the society at a young age and receive less or no education; face discrimination at work and while availing basic goods and services (Harisson and Herman 2012). India leads in transgender sex workers with 90% followed by Malaysia 84%, Indonesia 81%, El Salvador 47% and Cambodia 36% (Baral et.al.2012). HIV prevalence is up to 9 times higher for transgender sex workers as compared to non-transgender female sex workers often the customers of the transgender community who are mostly into prostitution are not healthy people and they fall prey to the HIV virus. Lack of knowledge about People think that it is discriminatory to stop the people of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender communities more commonly known as the LGBT communities to donate blood, the actual reason behind this is that the people of this specified community indulge themselves in kinds of erotic sexual activities, which are not always healthy. These people are the foremost carriers of the HIV virus (Genz et.al. 2015). Due to the ignorance among the people in the society about HIV, the patients encounter social exclusion and cannot access appropriate treatment for health improvement. In the global scenario and Australia, it can be seen that the patients suffering from HIV die due to lack of medical treatment, as they never visited the medical facilities. As one of the interventions for treating and spreading awareness about HIV is through primary healthcare, other medical interventions can also be used for treating the patients suffering from HIV. The nursing interventions will thereby, help in spreading awareness about the real cause of HIV, ways of preventing HIV and methods of HIV treatment. Health promotion is one of the key nursing interventions that help in mitigating the social exclusion that majority of the HIV patients suffer (Curran et al., 2012). Organizing and conducting health promotions will spread awareness about HIV within the society. The main aim of the health promotions is to imbibe the knowledge within the people that HIV does not spread by touching. If the aforementioned thought is eradicated from the society, treating HIV patients will be much easier. HIV patients encounters social exclusion, as the society feel the disease spreads by touching. Moreover, the health promotions can also be conducted with the aim of spreading awareness regarding how HIV is spread, methods of preventing the spread of HIV along with the effectiveness of the medical intervention for treating HIV. However, as argued by Street, Gold Manning (2013), individual counseling is a better option to spread awareness regarding HIV compared to mass health promotions. The healthcare professionals can select particular localities for a certain period and emphasize on counseling the people in the locality. This will allow the healthcare professionals to develop a deeper understanding of the existing mentality of the people in the locality and use appropriate counseling approach to change the thought. As health promotions consider spreading awareness within the mass, the effectiveness of the initiative is difficult to measure. On the contrary, as counseling approach, provide an opportunity to communicate personally with the people and the HIV patients, the effectiveness of the process is more compared to health promotions. For example, listening and talking to the patients suffering from HIV are considered as better, as this allows personal helps for the patients in difficult times. Thus from the above discussion, it can be concluded that HIV is incurable is the greatest myth. People who are suffering and coming out to tell their problems are getting the necessary attention and are being cured completely to lead a normal life. All the social stigmas associated with the HIV are slowly being removed from the society. People are becoming more open towards the LGBT community. New laws are being formulated and the pressure of secluding them is falling because the religious groups are becoming tolerant with the Catholic Church being the leader. New laws and a new opening for the transgender people are on the rise. Sex Education and sanitary education is being formulated to make the people aware of the surroundings and eliminate the potential threats of contacting the HIV virus. References Atkins, D. (2012).Looking queer: Body image and identity in lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender communities. Routledge. Baral, S. D., Poteat, T., Strmdahl, S., Wirtz, A. L., Guadamuz, T. E., Beyrer, C. (2013). Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The lancet infectious diseases, 13(3), 214-222.